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''São Paulo''''' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".
''São Paulo'' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.
''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.
In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.
== Background ==
: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''
Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.〕〔Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.〕〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,〔〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403.〕 by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.〔〔
At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.〔 The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404.〕 which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.〕〔English, ''Armed Forces'', 108.〕 The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.〕 The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.〕 The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.〕〔''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883.〕 The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.〔 In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts.〔
, the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.〔〔〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321.〕 The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.〕 In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.〔〔Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13.〕 Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.〔〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.〕 Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''São Paulo''''' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".」の詳細全文を読む
'São Paulo'' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".
''São Paulo'' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.
''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.
In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.
== Background ==
: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''
Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.〕〔Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.〕〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,〔〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403.〕 by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.〔〔
At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.〔 The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404.〕 which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.〕〔English, ''Armed Forces'', 108.〕 The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.〕 The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.〕 The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.〕〔''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883.〕 The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.〔 In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts.〔
, the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.〔〔〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321.〕 The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.〕 In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.〔〔Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13.〕 Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.〔〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.〕 Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''São Paulo''''' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".」の詳細全文を読む
' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".
''São Paulo'' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.
''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.
In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.
== Background ==
: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''
Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.〕〔Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.〕〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,〔〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403.〕 by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.〔〔
At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.〔 The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404.〕 which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.〕〔English, ''Armed Forces'', 108.〕 The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.〕 The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.〕 The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.〕〔''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883.〕 The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.〔 In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts.〔
, the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.〔〔〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321.〕 The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.〕 In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.〔〔Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13.〕 Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.〔〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.〕 Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''São Paulo''''' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".」の詳細全文を読む
'São Paulo'' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''São Paulo''''' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".」の詳細全文を読む
' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''São Paulo''''' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".」の詳細全文を読む
'São Paulo'' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".">ウィキペディアで「'''''São Paulo''''' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".」の詳細全文を読む
' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".">ウィキペディアで「''São Paulo''''' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".」の詳細全文を読む
'São Paulo'' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".」の詳細全文を読む
' was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, respectively, for the Brazilian Navy. She was the second of two ships in the , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.''São Paulo'' was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910. Soon after, she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (''Revolta de Chibata''), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send ''São Paulo'' and her sister to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918 Brazil sent ''São Paulo'' to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, ''São Paulo'' fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum.In the 1930s, ''São Paulo'' was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition—she could only reach a top speed of , less than half her design speed. For the rest of her career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, ''São Paulo'' sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port's main defense for the duration of the war. Stricken in 1947, the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951, when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November when the ships were north of the Azores and the ''São Paulo'' was lost.== Background ==: ''Main articles:'' ''South American dreadnought race and'' Minas Geraes''-class battleship''Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,Scheina, "Brazil," 403. by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81.''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907. In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts., the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77. Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".」の詳細全文を読む
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